What component of a neuron is responsible for sending out a neurotransmitter?

The axon is the component of a neuron responsible for transmitting signals away from the neuron's cell body, or soma. It conducts electrical impulses, known as action potentials, that travel along its length. When these impulses reach the end of the axon, they trigger the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse, which is the gap between neurons. This release is crucial for communication between neurons and is fundamental to the functioning of the nervous system.

In contrast, dendrites are the branches that receive signals from other neurons, the soma acts as the control center of the neuron housing the nucleus, and the synapse is the site where neurotransmitter release occurs and communication takes place but is not a structure of the neuron itself. Therefore, the axon's role in sending out neurotransmitters following the electrical signal makes it the correct choice.